Types of cooling towers

The cooling tower is one of the types of air conditioning equipment that cools the circulating water by creating a wide contact surface between water and air. Cooling towers are widely used in various industries such as refineries and power plants and are also used in air conditioning systems of residential buildings, offices, hospitals, hotels, etc. In this article, we explain the cooling tower and learn about the types of cooling towers.
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What is a cooling tower?

The cooling tower is a type of heat exchanger in which to reduce the temperature of the circulating water in the system, the water, and the ambient air are in direct contact with each other to reduce the temperature of the water and exchange heat; In fact, water falling on packings or intermediate elements (such as boards) in cooling towers causes water to spread on their surface, increasing wet surfaces and reducing the speed of water flow; Next, sufficient heat exchange takes place between the flow of water entering the cooling tower and the air passing through the cooling tower, and as a result, the temperature of the water inside the cooling tower decreases.
On the other hand, cooling towers are divided into different types in terms of material, ventilation fan, air flow passage, and open or closed circuit type.

Types of cooling towers in terms of material type

Cooling towers are made of different materials, each of which has specific advantages. The types of cooling towers mainly include the following 3 types in terms of body material:

Fiberglass cooling tower

The body of some cooling towers is also made of fiberglass, which has high resistance and quality if high-quality resin and sufficient layers are used. Fiberglass cooling towers are divided into circular and cubic types in terms of shape.

Galvanized cooling towers

One type of cooling tower is galvanized cooling tower. Constant spraying of water and its contact with the surface of the tower body causes the cooling towers to be destroyed and oxidized by water. As a result, the use of high-quality galvanized sheets in the body of these types of cooling towers increases their useful life against moisture and rust.

Concrete cooling tower

A concrete cooling tower is a type of cooling tower whose structure and main body are made of concrete. Concrete cooling towers are often produced in the hyperbolic or cubic form in very high capacities at the project site.

Types of cooling towers in terms of airflow

In terms of airflow, cooling towers include two types of cross-flow cooling towers and counter-flow cooling towers.
In cross-flow cooling towers, water falls down due to gravity and through the perforated plate or nozzles of the tower to distribute evenly between the packing surfaces of the cooling tower.
In the cooling tower with the opposite flow, the air passes over the surfaces of the packings in the opposite direction, and at the same time as the water falls down the tower.

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Types of cooling towers in terms of circuits

Cooling towers are generally divided into the following two general categories in terms of operation circuit:

Open circuit cooling tower

Open Circuit Cooling Tower is a type of heat exchanger that uses direct contact between water and air to cool water. The main components of the open circuit cooling tower include a fan, electric motor, packing, basin or pan, and hot water distribution system in the upper part of the tower (pipes and water spray nozzles).
In open circuit cooling towers, the incoming water is pumped to the upper part of the cooling tower for cooling and enters the tower from there; Next, the nozzles distribute this water on the packings (the packing is used to increase the contact surface between water and air so that the heat exchange between them is better) and the fan also distributes the ambient air on these packings. It circulates.
During the above process, the incoming air cools the water in two different ways; Part of the heat is removed due to air convection flow (contact between hot water and colder air) and the major part of cooling takes place under the influence of evaporation of some water entered into the system. After falling from the packings, the cooled water accumulates in the tower pan and finally returns to the cooling water cycle in the project.

Closed circuit cooling tower

A closed Circuit Cooling Tower is a type of heat exchanger that uses the indirect contact of air and water temperature to cool water or oil. The main components of the closed circuit cooling tower include fans, coils, hot fluid inlet to the coil pipes, air inlet, and cooled fluid outlet (there is no need to use packing in closed circuit cooling towers).
The flowing fluid circulates inside the existing coils of the cooling tower for cooling in the closed-circuit cooling tower, without direct contact between air and water. Next, the water in the tower pan is pumped to the top of the tower and then sprayed by nozzles on the coils containing water. Part of the cooling operation in the mentioned process happens as a result of indirect contact and heat exchange between the air entering the tower and the water in the coils. Of course, as a result of spraying water on the coils and the impact of water particles on the hot surface of the coil, at the same time as the airflow circulates, the sprayed water evaporates and the water or any other fluid flowing inside the coil is cooled. The rest of the cooling process is similar to the cooling steps in the open circuit cooling tower.

Types of cooling towers in terms of ventilation fans

Types of cooling towers are divided into the following two categories in terms of ventilation fans:

Axial fan

The rotation of axial or axial ventilation fan blades in cooling towers is constant around an axis and their efficiency is higher than 80%.

Centrifuge fan

Centrifugal ventilation fans with backward or forward blade types were used more in galvanized cooling towers in the past. Of course, these types of aeration fans are no longer used in cooling towers due to high energy consumption, lower airflow compared to axial types, high vibration, and low efficiency.

You can also read the article WHAT IS COOLING TOWER for more information.

final word

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